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Speech and Language Delay

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Definition

Speech and language delay refers to a slower-than-expected development in the ability to produce speech sounds (speech delay) or understand and use language (language delay). These delays can occur independently or together.

Causes
  • Hearing Loss: Difficulty hearing can hinder speech and language development.
  • Oral-Motor Disorders: Conditions like apraxia or dysarthria affect the muscles used for speech.
  • Developmental Disorders: Conditions such as autism spectrum disorder can impact communication skills.
  • Intellectual Disabilities: General developmental delays can affect language acquisition.
  • Lack of Stimulation: Limited exposure to verbal communication can impede language development.
  • Neurological Issues: Conditions affecting brain function may interfere with speech and language skills.

Signs

  • By 12 months: Not using gestures (e.g., pointing, waving) or vocalizing needs.
  • By 18 months: Not saying “mama” or “dada,” preferring gestures over vocalization, and having a limited vocabulary.
  • By 24 months: Inability to produce words spontaneously, difficulty following simple commands, and limited sound production.
  • By 36 months: Fewer than 200 words, difficulty asking for items by name, and unclear speech even to family members.
Risk Factors
  1. Age: Younger children are more likely to experience delays as they are still developing communication skills.
  2. Family History: A history of speech or language disorders in the family may increase risk.
  3. Environmental Factors: Limited interaction with caregivers or peers can contribute to delays.
  4. Medical Conditions: Children with chronic ear infections or other health issues may be at higher risk for delays.

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